1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  

[Opt.(ii):     ]
(   )
 :    : 100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.                
   
2.       ?   .
-
3.    '    '   
4.           
-
5.          
2
Easy2Siksha
6.    -   ?  
-
7.            '  .
8.        
   ?
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  

[Opt.(ii):     ]
(   )
 :    : 100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.                
   
:       -
,     ,      '   
           ,    , 
                ,  
        ,    '     
         ,        
  
 ,       ,       ' 
      
  ?
,      ,        
   
  '       '       ,  
  ,            ,   
 () ,     () ,    ()   
4
Easy2Siksha
       :
1.  :          
                
,  ,     
2.  :   ,        
       ,  
     , 

          ,      

         (  )    
 
     
,   , ,         , 
 ,           
    ,       
         ,        
       '  ,        
'             
 ,    
    ,    
               
             
  
             
         ,      
  ,              
    ,         
  ,           
,               
,  ,  ,         
           ,   
   
 
     
  
             ,   
          -  
-
                  
    '  
 :
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Easy2Siksha
1.  
 , 
   -  ,        ,  
      
     ,       
,            ,      
           ,    , 
    , 
   '      
 ,  
        ,   
           
,  
     '        
    
        '  
2. -
       , ,         
       ,      
        ,     
  ,
 
-             
  
  ,             ,

      ,   
     
    
3.     
,        ,      
,    
      '    
         
       ( 
  '  )     (    
 
      )  
            
      ,  ,    
       
         '
 ,         
  
 
4.  
               
       - ,      
  
             
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Easy2Siksha
   --  , 
    

   '     ,       
       
 
5.   
                 ,
  ,            
              '
    ,     '     ,

                 

   , 
   ,     ,  
    
    
        .    ,  
, ,  ,  ,   '     
      ,  -     
         ,   
         ,     
          
  ,           
 '    
    '  ,   
,      '  '  
      

   
  
   '         ,  
               
,  ,  ,        '   ,
               
           
    
    '  
 ,     - ,       
                  
            
    
 ,
7
Easy2Siksha
             '    ,   
  
  
    '  ,        

 ,   '           
,                
 ,       
 
  ,          '     
     '  ,          
  ,           .
:   
,       ',  , -      
      ,        
           ,      
              

       ,   ,  ,    
   
         
  
                
   ' ,   ,    
 -      
      , 
            
2.       ?   .
:  ?
      ,         
 
 , ,            ,   
     
           
,
      '    
 , “   ""  ,        
   , ""        , ,    
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Easy2Siksha
            
      
      
   :
 ,      
      '    
          
  '  :
: 
o :   ,       
o : '   , ""       
    ,        
: 
o :    
o :         , , 
,       
: 
o :    '     
o :     ,      
 
  ?
,  ,             
   ,   
      
 ,       ,     
""       ,     "      
 "        
,  ,   
   :
      ,         ' 

     
         '    
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Easy2Siksha
  '  :
: 
o :        
o :  , ""        ,   
,         
: 
o :    
o :  ,        
    
            ,   
 ,
         ,    
 
        '        
 ,    ""   
, ,       '  -    
""   '          , ,
,          
     
1. : ""
o :   .
o : ,  , ,  -
 
 
 ,  ""       
 
2. : ""
o :      
o : ""    ,       ,
     ,       
3. : ""
o :    
10
Easy2Siksha
o :""         ,  
     ,        

4. : ""
o :      
o :             ,
      '   
   
       - ,    ,  
    
  :            
            
 ,           
   ,   ""       
        
   :          
             
"" (  "" )  "" (  "" )
                

          
o  ( ""      )    

         ,   ""
  ,     
o  ( ""      )    

         , ""   

    ,   ,   , 
                   
         ,      
,           
   
         
      

         , 
    
 ,           
11
Easy2Siksha
1. :        
,    (, ,     ')      
             
,        , ""      
(        ),    ,  
   , -    
 
2.   :           
               
    ,     , 
       ,    ""
     ,    ""    
   ,        
3.  :   ,         
        ,      
     ""           
               ,
     
 

 ,     ,    ,     ,  
 
       
      ,
,       ' -   ,       
  
              ,   
              
  ,      -    , 
            
  ,   
    , 
     ()
  ,     ()  
     
  ,   '  -, ,    ,
         '       
    
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-
3.    '    '   
: "  "         -  
                
               '  
       
 : A, E, I,  O  
    (  )   (  )  
 -  
 :   
     ,         
           
1. ( )
o :" S P "
o :"   ."
o            ()    
 ()   
2. ( )
o : " S P 
"
o : "   
"
o            (S)     
 (P)   
3. I (  ' )
o : "   "
o : "   "
o            (S)  -  
  (P)   
4. O ( )
o :" S P 
"
o : "   
"
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Easy2Siksha
o            (S)  -  
  (P)   
     
              

          
 ,    
 
           
     :

  
A ( ) -----  ----- E ( )
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 
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I ( -) ----- - ----- O ( )
   
             :
1.  (A O, E I)
o  : " S P "  " S P 
"      , 
    
o E  I:" S P 
"  " S P "      ,  
   
:
o  "   " (A)  ,  "   
"
(O)    
o  "   " (I)  ,  "   
" ()
   
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2.  (A E)
o  :" S P "  " S P 
"       
 ,      
:
o  "   " ()    "   
"
()   ,          
3. - (I O)
o I  O:" S P "  " S P 
" -      
 ,      
:
o  "   " (I)    "   
" () 
 ,    

4.  (A → I, E → O)
o A    I:  " S P " (A)  ,  " S P " (I)   
  ,  " S P " (I)  ,     
 
" S P " (A)  
o E    O:  "No S are P" (E)  ,  " S P 
" (O)  
     "   
" ()  ,     
  "   
" ()  
:
o  "   " (A)  ,  "   " (I) 
   
o  "   
" ()  ,  "   
" ()  
  
    
 (A O, E I)
             ,    
                 -  
 
    - (A)    (O)  - 
  (E)   - (I)   
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 ,  '  :
A:"   ."
:"   
"
     "   " (),     
   " 
 
" ()        -    ,    
 
 (A E)
    
 ,           -
 (A)    (E)    
 :
A:"   ."
:"   
."
          ,       
    
,    "   "    " 
 
"  
- (I O)
-    
 ,           - (I)
   (O)    
 :
:"   ."
:"   
."
         ,    
      
"   " (I)  ,       "   
,"      ()      -  
  
 (A → I, E → O)
-    (A  E)      (I  O) 
 
       ,       
  ,   '   
:        
      
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  :
A → I:  "   " (A)  ,  "   " (I) 
   
:  "No cats are dogs" (E)  ,  "Some cats are not dogs" (O)  
  
,     ,  
  
     
   "   " (I)  ,    
 "   "
(A)    ,  "   
" ()  ,  
  
 
 "   
" ()  
   
        '        
  ,          
 ,   '          ,
   -  (    ) '  
 ,             
  ,             
 ,         (A → I, E → O)

    (     
)     
    
  
   ,           
              
        

               
    
 :  - (A),    (E),
 - (I),    (O) -    
, 

      , -, ,  -   
           ,   
          
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4.           
: n ,            
                ,
   (  )      
     
    :          
          
1.   ?
       ,         
       
  '          
   ,               
     
            
  '  
:
:    
:   
:   
, "  "   "   "  "   "   
          
 
    () 
       
2.  
             '    
 ,            ,   
    
   :
                ,  
    
 :
    
 '       

       
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   :
 1:
o :   
o :    
o   , 
  '      
 
  ,          
 2:
o :    

o :   

o , 
    ,      
   :
     ,   , ,      
    :
1. :            
o : "   " "   "    

2. : , 
     (   ) 
      
o :"   "    "  -

"
3. :             
  
o :"    ,   - - ."
3.  
                  
  , -       '      
   :
                  ,  
         
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 :
        
   '     
,        

            
   :
 1:
o  1:    
o  2:   
o :  
o   ,  "  "    '  
  
   '         
 2:
o  1:    
o  2:    
o : .
o  ,           
   
   :
   sylogisms            
                 
  
1.  :            
o : "          , 
   "
2.  :   (-)    
o : " 
 ,      
    ,
  "
3.  :  " "   
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o :"    '     '    ' 
  ,
  ' "
4.      
           ,  
:

 
 
 

   
        
/
      
   '   , 
     


    

    
 

"    
,    "
"     
  ,   "
 

  
 , 
   
   
 
, , 
 (, ,
)
5.     
             
            -  

:
          
      ,
        
           ,   '
,     ,       
     
          ,   ,  ,
        
 
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6.       
                 
         :
    :
o : "      ,      "
        ,   
     :
o : "   ,           
,       "      
      '       

  ,           ,   
   '              
    ,              
'         ,     
       ,   ,    
  
       , 
   ,  
          
     
        
-
5.          
:      
              , 
,              
           ,  
,             
   , 
   ,   ,   ,
       ,      
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Easy2Siksha
1.   
        ,      
         ,    ,
    ,      ,   
         
    :
:              
 ,     ,         
:      , ,  - 
     ,         
  :        
         
 :            , 
   ,       
 
  ,            ,   
  
 ,           
2.  
,       , , -    
              ,     ,  -
       ,      
   :
 :    -      
  '           
, ,        
  :        ,
           
  :         
 '         '    
 
             
 :            
  
,         
 
  ,          '    
             
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3.      
        ,        
               ,
              
, ,              
    
               
:
A.    
 
              :
  :        
     '         
      ,        
 
  :         
              
       
   :        
-             
 ,            
          
B.        
               
     ,      
           '   
 :
   :         
             
              
 
   :         
               
 
   ,       
 '        
      
'  
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 :        
        ,     
         ,     , 
          
C.   '   
         '     
          ,      
    
 : -   -      , 
   ,         
           
 
:   
    ,  
   
          
             
    
4.      
       ,         :
:      '     
        ,  ,    
            
 
  :         
       ,         
       '   ,   
               
 
 '   :      ,  
,    '   ,     
             
      
5.           
  -          

 :
25
Easy2Siksha
 :          
            
      ,  ,     
              
      
 :          
             
              
  
           
 :            
             
              
     
6.       
           
 :
: ,             
      ,        
                  
          
:  ,     '  , 
      ,        
    ,         
    
: ,  ,      
     '   ,       
             
   
7. 
              
          ,    
      '    ,    
      , ,      
                 
         ,       
              
          
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6.    -   ?  
:                
 
 ,         ,   
       ,       ,
  '        , , , 
,             '  
      ,        

1.   
                 ,
                -
  :
  :   ,         ? 
    ,   , ,       '
      ?
  :             
     ?           
 '    ?
:
         ,     
      ?
            ?  
     ,        '  
 ?
2.   
                 
         ,     
    '      
 :       , ,   
   
 :     .  ,     
 '  
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:
            ,     
    ?
          ,  
        ?
3. 
      '   ,        
 
      , ,       ,  
               
  :         ,    
,   ,  
  :          ,   
       
:
        ,        
 ?
               
   ?
4. 
               
        ,      
 
       ;          
       
 
 :        ,  
 
 :           
   
:
         ,    
     ?
          
  ?
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5.     
         -        
               -
  ,     ,       
 :   ,    , -,   
    
   :            
      
:
           
  ?
      , ,        
    ?
6.   
               , 
         
:            ,
     
:        ,    

       
:
    
 ?          ,  
         ?
   '          ?
7.   
          ,     
             
     '       
  :        
 : ,        
   
 :          
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:
            
?
          ?
8.    
                 
              
'      
 :          
  '   
 
 :    ,        
     
:
          ,    
    '   ?
             ?
9.  
        ,        
             
  :           
             
  
,  ,  -        -
 
:
        ,    
 ,          
               ,
    ?
10.   
           
         
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  :-     -   ,  ,
         ,   
          
  :        ,  
            
 
:
            , 
      ?
              ?

                
 ,        , , ,  
     
      
   
            
    
  
    , 
          
               
               
         
-
7.            '  .
:            -    
   -         
   
   
 ,   , ,  ,  
   , 
          
       
    
1.  :            
,   '          ,   
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            
            
 ,           
2.  :          , ,   
           ,  
            , 
       ,       , 
      
3.   :        
      ,  ,  -    
           ""
      "  "  -   
  ,   ,        
  ,   ,      
   
4.    :     ,    
-          ,  
   ,            
    ,           
     -       , 
       
5. - :           
       ,   -    
 ,              
    ,      ,   
     
 
6.  :  -          
  -    -    
   -    ,  ,   ,
         ,   ,
       
7.  :       ,   '  
   '   ,         
     ,        
    -    ,      
          
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Easy2Siksha
       
    -  ,         '
             ,   -
        ,       
   
  ,        
1.       
      (1651)     "  " (
       
)     ", , ,
  "   ,         , 
          ,       
 
     ,          
              
 (   )         
  ,            

 ,     ' ,   (   )
              ,  
            -    
 
2.      
        (1689)       
        ,         
               , 
    ,   ,       
,         ,   '     
               
  ,            
                
  ',               
              , 
     
       
,   '      
            
 
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3. -      
- ,     (1762) ,     
       ,       
    ,        , -  
 ,      ,       

         
     
         ,    " " 
               
   ,          
,         
             
      ,      '   , 
 '   ,  ,        

,     
  ,             , 
        '  :
    :       '      
,                ,
,     '       
  :       ,   
 ,             
                
           ,     '
    
   :  ,      
-       ,       ,
  ,      '      
    
          
                
     ,    ,   
,            
    
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    
         ,     
               
   

              -
,   ,        
      '        
             ' ,  
    '  ,     ,   ,    
   '  
 
  ,            
               
       
        
,            

              
      
     ,   ',
             
      ,          
 
 -        (     ), 
      (     ),     
  (     ),       
           
8.        
   ?
:  :   
          
      
    -    , ,    
   -  ,        
     , ,         
            ,
              
     
35
Easy2Siksha
  
  ,             
, ,  ,            
                
  ,     ,      
                   -
 ,             
       ,         
      ,       ,   
""     -  
    
          '   :
1.   :           
       ,    ,   
         -    , 
 '     
  ,  ,   
        
2. :              
      ,    '   ,   '
           ,   
,              
3.  :            
       ,        ,
  '     ,        
              , 
       ,     
4.     :        
        ,      
              
            ,   
     
 
5.  :            
       ,    

  ,         
  
           ,     
     
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Easy2Siksha
6.  :    ,       
     -    ,    
              
            
     
7.    :           
              
       ,     
              
    ,      

    ?
       
        
     ,       
   :
1.     (HDI):         
       (HDI)        
     :  ,    
     ,         
          
2.    (SPI):   (SPI)      
          ,   ,
    '          
     SPI        ,  ,
  ,      '   
3.    (GDP):  GDP   '    
  ,            ,
              
, 
            
            ,  
          
4.  :            
    
 ,         
         ,      
    
5.   :            
       
       ,
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   '      , -  ,  
      
6.   :  ,        
                 
      ,  ,   
  
7.      :  ,    , 
             '
            
        ,      ,   
              
8.  :  '       
      ,     ,   
               
                
    
          ,     
   :
:      ""      
 
   ,        
    ,           
:          -   
              
     ,   HDI  SPI,     
      : ,       
             , 
         ,      
                
  '    
 :  '       
 
                 ,
       , -     
      -       
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   
              -
 ,             
   ,            ,   
                
  , 
          
 
  ,     
       
          ,      '
  ,             
  

       ,        
       ;   , ,     
           , 
  
                 
  ,          ,    
       '      ,  
, ,          
:      Ai      ( )      
         , 
  '        
